This study defines a framework for support of microfinance which avoids financially repressive measures and is consistent with contemporary views of the central bank’s role. It considers how central bank regulation and supervision of licensed banks can affect the scope for such institutions to engage in microfinance. It also examines whether and in what circumstances a central bank should be involved in regulating nonbank microfinance institutions. This broad-ranging analysis is based on studies of central bank policies for microfinance in 12 developing member countries of ADB, but its findings are relevant to all developing economies.